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Home/CWEs/CWE-1321
Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-1321: Prototype Pollution

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Object prototype members are modified via attacker-controlled keys, altering application behavior.

Abstraction
Base
OWASP Top 10
A08:2021 (#8)
Exploit Likelihood
Medium
Related CVEs
100

How to mitigate

Freeze prototypes, use null-prototype maps, validate merge/extend keys.

▪ References & documentation

https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1321.htmlNVD CWE listing

▪ How attackers exploit CWE-1321

MITRE ATT&CK techniques associated with this weakness class (mapped via MITRE CAPEC). A vulnerability of this type could let an adversary carry out:

T1548Abuse Elevation Control Mechanismprivilege-escalationT1574Hijack Execution Flowstealth · execution

Step-by-step: how CWE-1321 gets exploited

A stage-by-stage walkthrough of the attack, mapped to the real MITRE ATT&CK tactics for this weakness — what the attacker is trying to do, what's at risk (what can be stolen or damaged), and how you defend. Understanding the playbook is how you shut it down.

  1. 1
    Executionexecution

    Run attacker-chosen code or commands on the system.

    At risk / what's stolen

    Application logic and the host runtime — an attacker can execute arbitrary code or commands.

    How you defend

▪ Related CVEs

CVE-2026-67316High

Security vulnerability in axios

CVE-2026-33672Medium

Security vulnerability in picomatch

CVE-2026-44490Medium

Security vulnerability in axios

CVE-2025-64718Medium

Security vulnerability in js-yaml

CVE-2026-67319Low

Security vulnerability in axios

CVE-2025-13465Medium

Security vulnerability in lodash

Least-privilege runtime, sandboxing, and safe deserialization/parsing.

  • 2
    Privilege escalationprivilege-escalation

    Gain higher privileges — from a limited account to admin/root.

    At risk / what's stolen

    Over-permissioned services, weak file/permission boundaries, and setuid paths.

    How you defend

    Drop privileges, enforce least privilege, and lock down file permissions.

  • This is a defensive, conceptual walkthrough for education — stages reflect MITRE ATT&CK tactics associated with this weakness class, not a working exploit. Not every attack uses every stage.

    CVE-2025-64718Medium

    Security vulnerability in js-yaml

    CVE-2026-65913Medium

    Security vulnerability in dompurify

    CVE-2026-30226High

    Security vulnerability in devalue

    CVE-2026-33228Critical

    Security vulnerability in flatted

    CVE-2023-0842Medium

    Security vulnerability in xml2js

    CVE-2026-42033High

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-33228Critical

    Security vulnerability in flatted

    CVE-2026-67316High

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-42264High

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-33228Critical

    Security vulnerability in flatted

    CVE-2022-46175High

    Security vulnerability in json5

    CVE-2021-3805High

    Security vulnerability in object-path

    CVE-2020-7774High

    Security vulnerability in y18n

    CVE-2026-42033High

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2022-24999High

    Security vulnerability in qs

    CVE-2025-64718Medium

    Security vulnerability in js-yaml

    CVE-2025-13465High

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2020-7608Medium

    Security vulnerability in yargs-parser

    CVE-2021-44906Critical

    Security vulnerability in minimist

    CVE-2021-44906Critical

    Security vulnerability in minimist

    CVE-2021-44906Critical

    Security vulnerability in minimist

    CVE-2026-29063Critical

    Security vulnerability in immutable

    CVE-2020-7598Medium

    Security vulnerability in minimist

    CVE-2020-7598Medium

    Security vulnerability in minimist

    CVE-2022-46175High

    Security vulnerability in json5

    CVE-2020-7788High

    Security vulnerability in ini

    CVE-2021-3918Critical

    Security vulnerability in json-schema

    CVE-2020-7598Medium

    Security vulnerability in minimist

    CVE-2020-7608Medium

    Security vulnerability in yargs-parser

    CVE-2020-7608Medium

    Security vulnerability in yargs-parser

    CVE-2026-44490Medium

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2022-37601Critical

    Security vulnerability in loader-utils

    CVE-2023-26136Medium

    Security vulnerability in tough-cookie

    CVE-2026-67316Medium

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-67319Medium

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-33228Critical

    Security vulnerability in flatted

    CVE-2026-33228High

    Security vulnerability in flatted

    CVE-2026-44490Medium

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-67319Low

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-42033High

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2025-13465Medium

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2025-64718Medium

    Security vulnerability in js-yaml

    CVE-2019-10744Critical

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2021-44906Critical

    Security vulnerability in minimist

    CVE-2019-10744Critical

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2020-7598Medium

    Security vulnerability in minimist

    CVE-2025-13465Medium

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2020-7751Medium

    Security vulnerability in pathval

    CVE-2026-67314Medium

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-67319Low

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-67316High

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2021-3766Critical

    Security vulnerability in objection

    CVE-2026-33672Medium

    Security vulnerability in picomatch

    CVE-2020-7608Medium

    Security vulnerability in yargs-parser

    CVE-2020-7608Medium

    Security vulnerability in yargs-parser

    CVE-2020-7608Medium

    Security vulnerability in yargs-parser

    CVE-2020-7608Medium

    Security vulnerability in yargs-parser

    CVE-2020-7774High

    Security vulnerability in y18n

    CVE-2023-26136Medium

    Security vulnerability in tough-cookie

    CVE-2023-26136Medium

    Security vulnerability in tough-cookie

    CVE-2026-23736High

    Security vulnerability in seroval

    CVE-2026-65913Medium

    Security vulnerability in dompurify

    CVE-2026-65913Medium

    Security vulnerability in dompurify

    CVE-2022-24999High

    Security vulnerability in qs

    CVE-2022-24999High

    Security vulnerability in qs

    CVE-2026-44292Medium

    Security vulnerability in protobufjs

    CVE-2026-44290High

    Security vulnerability in protobufjs

    CVE-2026-67316High

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-67319Low

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-67314Medium

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-67319Low

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2026-67316High

    Security vulnerability in axios

    CVE-2021-44906Critical

    Security vulnerability in minimist

    CVE-2025-13465Medium

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2025-13465Medium

    Security vulnerability in lodash-es

    CVE-2019-10744Critical

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2025-13465Medium

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2025-13465Medium

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2025-13465Medium

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2019-10744Critical

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2025-13465Medium

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2019-10744Critical

    Security vulnerability in lodash

    CVE-2022-37601Critical

    Security vulnerability in loader-utils

    CVE-2022-37601Critical

    Security vulnerability in loader-utils

    CVE-2025-64718Medium

    Security vulnerability in js-yaml

    CVE-2025-64718Medium

    Security vulnerability in js-yaml

    CVE-2026-29063Critical

    Security vulnerability in immutable

    CVE-2026-29063Critical

    Security vulnerability in immutable

    CVE-2026-29063Critical

    Security vulnerability in immutable

    CVE-2021-23383Critical

    Security vulnerability in handlebars

    CVE-2021-23383Critical

    Security vulnerability in handlebars

    CVE-2026-31865Medium

    Security vulnerability in elysia

    CVE-2026-30226High

    Security vulnerability in devalue

    CVE-2026-44490Medium

    Security vulnerability in axios